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You can use a RECURSIVE function.

This set a level for each gap, and then increases it every time id_type changes.

Then use MAX(date), MIN(date) grouping by level, id_type:

On Postgres 8.4 you can use a RECURSIVE function.

How do they do it

The recursive function adds a level to each different id_type, by selecting dates one by one on descending order.

Then use MAX(date), MIN(date) grouping by level, id_type to get the desired result.

with RECURSIVE rdates as 
(
    (select   ddate, id_type, 1 lv 
     from     dates
     order by ddate desc
     limit 1
    )
    union
    (select    d.ddate, d.id_type,
               case when r.id_type = d.id_type 
                    then r.lv 
                    else r.lv + 1 
               end lv    
    from       dates d
    inner join rdates r
    on         d.ddate < r.ddate
    order by   ddate desc
    limit      1)
)
select   min(ddate) StartDate,
         max(ddate) EndDate,
         id_type
from     rdates
group by lv, id_type
;

+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| startdate           |       enddate       | id_type |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| 10.01.2017 07:19:21 | 10.01.2017 07:19:25 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:26 | 10.01.2017 07:19:26 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:27 | 10.01.2017 07:19:27 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:28 | 10.01.2017 07:19:29 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:30 | 10.01.2017 07:19:30 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:31 | 10.01.2017 07:19:31 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:32 | 10.01.2017 07:19:32 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:33 | 10.01.2017 07:19:37 |    5    |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+

with RECURSIVE rdates as 
(
    (select   date, id_type, 1 lv 
     from     yourTable
     order by date desc
     limit 1
    )
    union
    (select    d.date, d.id_type,
               case when r.id_type = d.id_type 
                    then r.lv 
                    else r.lv + 1 
               end lv    
    from       yourTable d
    inner join rdates r
    on         d.date < r.date
    order by   date desc
    limit      1)
)
select   min(date) StartDate,
         max(date) EndDate,
         id_type
from     rdates
group by lv, id_type
;

+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| startdate           |       enddate       | id_type |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| 10.01.2017 07:19:21 | 10.01.2017 07:19:25 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:26 | 10.01.2017 07:19:26 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:27 | 10.01.2017 07:19:27 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:28 | 10.01.2017 07:19:29 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:30 | 10.01.2017 07:19:30 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:31 | 10.01.2017 07:19:31 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:32 | 10.01.2017 07:19:32 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:33 | 10.01.2017 07:19:37 |    5    |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+

with RECURSIVE rdates as 
(
    (select   ddate, id_type, 1 lv 
     from     dates
     order by ddate desc
     limit 1
    )
    union
    (select    d.ddate, d.id_type,
               case when r.id_type = d.id_type 
                    then r.lv 
                    else r.lv + 1 
               end lv    
    from       dates d
    inner join rdates r
    on         d.ddate < r.ddate
    order by   ddate desc
    limit      1)
)
select   min(ddate) StartDate,
         max(ddate) EndDate,
         id_type
from     rdates
group by lv, id_type
;

+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| startdate           |       enddate       | id_type |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| 10.01.2017 07:19:21 | 10.01.2017 07:19:25 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:26 | 10.01.2017 07:19:26 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:27 | 10.01.2017 07:19:27 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:28 | 10.01.2017 07:19:29 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:30 | 10.01.2017 07:19:30 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:31 | 10.01.2017 07:19:31 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:32 | 10.01.2017 07:19:32 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:33 | 10.01.2017 07:19:37 |    5    |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+

       date           | id_type | lv
--------------------------------------
2017-01-10 07:19:21.0      3       8
2017-01-10 07:19:22.0      3       8
2017-01-10 07:19:23.1      3       8
2017-01-10 07:19:24.1      3       8
2017-01-10 07:19:25.0      3       8
2017-01-10 07:19:26.0      5       7
2017-01-10 07:19:27.1      3       6
2017-01-10 07:19:28.0      5       5
2017-01-10 07:19:29.0      5       5
2017-01-10 07:19:30.1      3       4
2017-01-10 07:19:31.0      5       3
2017-01-10 07:19:32.0      3       2
2017-01-10 07:19:33.1      5       1
2017-01-10 07:19:35.0      5       1
2017-01-10 07:19:36.1      5       1
2017-01-10 07:19:37.1      5       1

Then use MAX(date), MIN(date) grouping by level, id_type:

with RECURSIVE rdates as 
(
    (select   ddate, id_type, 1 lv 
     from     dates
     order by ddate desc
     limit 1
    )
    union
    (select    d.ddate, d.id_type,
               case when r.id_type = d.id_type 
                    then r.lv 
                    else r.lv + 1 
               end lv    
    from       dates d
    inner join rdates r
    on         d.ddate < r.ddate
    order by   ddate desc
    limit      1)
)
select   min(ddate) StartDate,
         max(ddate) EndDate,
         id_type
from     rdates
group by lv, id_type
;

+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| startdate           |       enddate       | id_type |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+
| 10.01.2017 07:19:21 | 10.01.2017 07:19:25 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:26 | 10.01.2017 07:19:26 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:27 | 10.01.2017 07:19:27 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:28 | 10.01.2017 07:19:29 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:30 | 10.01.2017 07:19:30 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:31 | 10.01.2017 07:19:31 |    5    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:32 | 10.01.2017 07:19:32 |    3    |
| 10.01.2017 07:19:33 | 10.01.2017 07:19:37 |    5    |
+---------------------+---------------------+---------+