What are the main differences between InnoDB and MyISAM?

Question

What are the main differences between InnoDB and MyISAM?

Answer 1

First major difference I see is that InnoDB implements row-level lock while MyISAM can do only a table-level lock. You will find better crash recovery in InnoDB. However, it doesn't have FULLTEXT search indexes until v5.6, as does MyISAM. InnoDB also implements transactions, foreign keys and relationship constraints while MyISAM does not.

The list can go a bit further. Yet, they both have their unique advantages in their favor and disadvantages against each other. Each of them is more suitable in some scenarios than the other.

So to summarize (TL;DR):

• InnoDB has row-level locking, MyISAM can only do full table-level locking.
• InnoDB has better crash recovery.
• MyISAM has FULLTEXT search indexes, InnoDB did not until MySQL 5.6 (Feb 2013).
• InnoDB implements transactions, foreign keys and relationship constraints, MyISAM does not.

Answer 2

Another major difference not as yet mentioned is how caching for each storage engine is done.

MYISAM

The main mechanism used is the key cache. It only caches index pages from .MYI files. To size your key cache, run the following query:

SELECT CONCAT(ROUND(KBS/POWER(1024,
IF(PowerOf1024<0,0,IF(PowerOf1024>3,0,PowerOf1024)))+0.4999),
SUBSTR(' KMG',IF(PowerOf1024<0,0,
IF(PowerOf1024>3,0,PowerOf1024))+1,1))
recommended_key_buffer_size FROM
(SELECT LEAST(POWER(2,32),KBS1) KBS
FROM (SELECT SUM(index_length) KBS1
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE engine='MyISAM' AND
table_schema NOT IN ('information_schema','mysql')) AA ) A,
(SELECT 2 PowerOf1024) B;

This will give the Recommended Setting for MyISAM Key Cache (key_buffer_size) given your current data set (the query will cap the recommendation at 4G (4096M). For 32-bit OS, 4GB is the limit. For 64-bit, 8GB.

InnoDB

The main mechanism used is the InnoDB Buffer Pool. It caches data and index pages from InnoDB tables accessed. To size your InnoDB Buffer Pool, run the following query:

SELECT CONCAT(ROUND(KBS/POWER(1024,
IF(PowerOf1024<0,0,IF(PowerOf1024>3,0,PowerOf1024)))+0.49999),
SUBSTR(' KMG',IF(PowerOf1024<0,0,
IF(PowerOf1024>3,0,PowerOf1024))+1,1)) recommended_innodb_buffer_pool_size
FROM (SELECT SUM(data_length+index_length) KBS FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE engine='InnoDB') A,
(SELECT 2 PowerOf1024) B;

This will give the Recommended Setting for the size of the InnoDB Buffer Pool (innodb_buffer_pool_size) given your current data set.

Don't forget to resize the InnoDB Log Files (ib_logfile0 and ib_logfile1). MySQL Source Code places a cap of the combined sizes of all InnoDB Log Files must be < 4G (4096M). For the sake of simplicity, given just two log files, here is how you can size them:

• Step 1) Add innodb_log_file_size=NNN to /etc/my.cnf (NNN should be 25% of innodb_buffer_pool_size or 2047M, whichever is smaller)
• Step 2) service mysql stop
• Step 3) rm /var/log/mysql/ib_logfile[01]
• Step 4) service mysql start (ib_logfile0 and ib_logfile1 are recreated)

CAVEAT

At the End of both queries is a an Inline Query (SELECT 2 PowerOf1024) B

• (SELECT 0 PowerOf1024) gives the Setting in Bytes
• (SELECT 1 PowerOf1024) gives the Setting in Kilobytes
• (SELECT 2 PowerOf1024) gives the Setting in Megabytes
• (SELECT 3 PowerOf1024) gives the Setting in Gigabytes
• No powers less that 0 or greater than 3 is accepted

EPILOGUE

There is no substitute for common sense. If you have limited memory, a mixture of storage engines, or a combination thereof, you will have to adjust for different scenarios.

• If you have 2GB RAM and 16GB of InnoDB, allocate 512M as innodb_buffer_pool.
• If you have 2GB RAM and 4GB of MyISAM Indexes, allocate 512M as key_buffer_size.
• If you have 2GB RAM and 4GB of MyISAM Indexes and 16GB InnoDB, allocate 512M as key_buffer_size and 512M as innodb_buffer_pool_size.

Possible scenarios are endless !!!

Remember, whatever you allocate for, leave enough RAM for DB Connections and the Operating System.

Answer 3

InnoDB offers:

• ACID transactions
• row-level locking
• foreign key constraints
• automatic crash recovery
• table compression (read/write)
• spatial data types (no spatial indexes)

In InnoDB all data in a row except for TEXT and BLOB can occupy 8,000 bytes at most. Full text indexing is not available in InnoDB until MySQL 5.6 (Feb 2013). In InnoDB the COUNT(*)s (when WHERE, GROUP BY, or JOIN is not used) execute slower than in MyISAM because the row count is not stored internally. InnoDB stores both data and indexes in one file. InnoDB uses a buffer pool to cache both data and indexes.

MyISAM offers:

• fast COUNT(*)s (when WHERE, GROUP BY, or JOIN is not used)
• full text indexing (update: supported in InnoDB from MySQL 5.6)
• smaller disk footprint
• very high table compression (read only)
• spatial data types and indexes (R-tree) (update: supported in InnoDB from MySQL 5.7)

MyISAM has table-level locking, but no row-level locking. No transactions. No automatic crash recovery, but it does offer repair table functionality. No foreign key constraints. MyISAM tables are generally more compact in size on disk when compared to InnoDB tables. MyISAM tables could be further highly reduced in size by compressing with myisampack if needed, but become read-only. MyISAM stores indexes in one file and data in another. MyISAM uses key buffers for caching indexes and leaves the data caching management to the operating system.

Overall I would recommend InnoDB for most purposes and MyISAM for specialized uses only. InnoDB is now the default engine in new MySQL versions.

Answer 4

A bit late to the game...but here's a quite comprehensive post I wrote a few months back, detailing the major differences between MYISAM and InnoDB. Grab a cuppa (and maybe a biscuit), and enjoy.

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The major difference between MyISAM and InnoDB is in referential integrity and transactions. There are also other difference such as locking, rollbacks, and full-text searches.

Referential Integrity

Referential integrity ensures that relationships between tables remains consistent. More specifically, this means when a table (e.g. Listings) has a foreign key (e.g. Product ID) pointing to a different table (e.g. Products), when updates or deletes occur to the pointed-to table, these changes are cascaded to the linking table. In our example, if a product is renamed, the linking table’s foreign keys will also update; if a product is deleted from the ‘Products’ table, any listings which point to the deleted entry will also be deleted. Furthermore, any new listing must have that foreign key pointing to a valid, existing entry.

InnoDB is a relational DBMS (RDBMS) and thus has referential integrity, while MyISAM does not.

Transactions & Atomicity

Data in a table is managed using Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. A transaction group two or more DML statements together into a single unit of work, so either the entire unit is applied, or none of it is.

MyISAM do not support transactions whereas InnoDB does.

If an operation is interrupted while using a MyISAM table, the operation is aborted immediately, and the rows (or even data within each row) that are affected remains affected, even if the operation did not go to completion.

If an operation is interrupted while using an InnoDB table, because it using transactions, which has atomicity, any transaction which did not go to completion will not take effect, since no commit is made.

Table-locking vs Row-locking

When a query runs against a MyISAM table, the entire table in which it is querying will be locked. This means subsequent queries will only be executed after the current one is finished. If you are reading a large table, and/or there are frequent read and write operations, this can mean a huge backlog of queries.

When a query runs against an InnoDB table, only the row(s) which are involved are locked, the rest of the table remains available for CRUD operations. This means queries can run simultaneously on the same table, provided they do not use the same row.

This feature in InnoDB is known as concurrency. As great as concurrency is, there is a major drawback that applies to a select range of tables, in that there is an overhead in switching between kernel threads, and you should set a limit on the kernel threads to prevent the server coming to a halt.

Transactions & Rollbacks

When you run an operation in MyISAM, the changes are set; in InnoDB, those changes can be rolled back. The most common commands used to control transactions are COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT. 1. COMMIT - you can write multiple DML operations, but the changes will only be saved when a COMMIT is made 2. ROLLBACK - you can discard any operations that have not yet been committed yet 3. SAVEPOINT - sets a point in the list of operations to which a ROLLBACK operation can rollback to

Reliability

MyISAM offers no data integrity - Hardware failures, unclean shutdowns and canceled operations can cause the data to become corrupt. This would require full repair or rebuilds of the indexes and tables.

InnoDB, on the other hand, uses a transactional log, a double-write buffer and automatic checksumming and validation to prevent corruption. Before InnoDB makes any changes, it records the data before the transactions into a system tablespace file called ibdata1. If there is a crash, InnoDB would autorecover through the replay of those logs.

FULLTEXT Indexing

InnoDB does not support FULLTEXT indexing until MySQL version 5.6.4. As of the writing of this post, many shared hosting providers’ MySQL version is still below 5.6.4, which means FULLTEXT indexing is not supported for InnoDB tables.

However, this is not a valid reason to use MyISAM. It’s best to change to a hosting provider that supports up-to-date versions of MySQL. Not that a MyISAM table that uses FULLTEXT indexing cannot be converted to an InnoDB table.

Conclusion

In conclusion, InnoDB should be your default storage engine of choice. Choose MyISAM or other data types when they serve a specific need.

Answer 5

One more thing: you can backup InnoDB tables just by taking a snapshot of the filesystem. Backing up MyISAM requires using mysqldump and is not guaranteed to be consistent (e.g. if you insert into a parent and a child table, you might find only the child table's row in your backup).

Basically, if you have another copy of the data and are only caching it in MySQL e.g. to allow a standard means of accessing it from a PHP website, then MyISAM is fine (i.e. it's better than a flat CSV file or a logfile for querying and concurrent access). If the database is the actual "master copy" of the data, if you are doing INSERT and UPDATE using real data from users, then it is foolish to use anything other than InnoDB, at any sort of scale MyISAM is unreliable and hard to manage, you'll be doing myisamchk half the time, negating any performance gains...

(My personal experience: a 2 terabyte DB in MyISAM).

Answer 6

In my experience, the most significant difference is the way each engine handles locking. InnoDB uses row locking while MyISAM uses table locking. As a rule of thumb, I use InnoDB for write heavy tables and MyISAM for read heavy tables.

Other important differences include:

1. InnoDB support transactions and foreign keys. MyISAM does not.
2. MyISAM uses full text indexing.
3. MyISAM does a poor job of enforcing data integrity.

Answer 7

I tend to view MyISAM as the 'default' table choice for MySQL, so I'll point out the differences for most users of InnoDB

• Row level-locking
• Foreign key enforcement
• Transaction support
• Performance hit on high-use systems

Answer 8

MYISAM

MYISAM provides table level locking , FULLTEXT searching. MYISAM has the most flexible AUTO_INCREMENTED column handling off all the storage engines. MYISAM does not support transactions.

INNODB

INNODB is transaction safe storage engine. INNODB has commit , rollback and crash-recovery capabilities. INNODB supports foreign key referential integrity.

Answer 9

Includes MySQL 5.6 changes

INNODB STORAGE ENGINE:

• It provides full ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) compliance. Multi-versioning is used to isolate transactions from one another.
• InnoDB provides auto-recovery after a crash of the MySQL server or the host on which the server runs.
• InnoDB supports foreign keys and referential integrity, including cascaded deletes and updates.
• MySQL 5.6 builds on the platform of InnoDB fully integrated as the default storage engine
• Persistent Optimizer Stats: Provides improved accuracy of InnoDB index statistics, and consistency across MySQL restarts.
• Pruning the InnoDB table cache: To ease the memory load on systems with huge numbers of tables, InnoDB now frees up the memory associated with an opened table. An LRU algorithm selects tables that have gone the longest without being accessed.
• Supports Full-text search: A special kind of index, the FULLTEXT index, helps InnoDB deal with queries and DML operations involving text-based columns and the words they contain. These indexes are physically represented as entire InnoDB tables.
• InnoDB seems to be way faster on Full-Text Search than MyISAM

So, there is no point in using MyISAM Engine if you are already upgraded to 5.6, if not then don't wait for upgrading to MySQL 5.6.

InnoDB VS MyISAM performance using MySQL 5.6

Answer 10

MyISAM

MyISAM is a storage engine for MySQL. Before MySQL 5.5 it was the default storage engine for MySQL. It is based on the older ISAM storage engine. MyISAM is optimized for environments with heavy read operations, and few writes, or none at all. The reason MyISAM allows for fast reads is the structure of its indexes: each entry points to a record in the data file, and the pointer is offset from the beginning of the file. This way records can be quickly read, especially when the format is FIXED. Thus, the rows are of constant length. A typical area in which one could prefer MyISAM is data warehouse, because it involves queries on very big tables, and the update of such tables is done when the database is not in use (usually by night). Inserts are easy too, because new rows are appended to the end of the data file. However, delete and update operations are more problematic: deletes must leave an empty space, or the rows' offsets would change; the same goes for updates, as the length of the rows becomes shorter; if the update makes the row longer, the row is fragmented. To defragment rows and claim empty space, the OPTIMIZE TABLE command must be executed. Because of this simple mechanism, usually MyISAM index statistics are quite accurate. Other major drawbacks of MyISAM are the absence of transactions support and foreign keys.

InnoDB

InnoDB is a storage engine for MySQL. MySQL 5.5 and later use it by default. It provides the standard ACID-compliant transaction features, along with foreign key support (Declarative Referential Integrity). It implements both SQL and XA transactions, tablespaces, FULLTEXT indexes, and spatial operations following the OpenGIS standard. It is included as standard in most binaries distributed by MySQL AB, the exception being some OEM versions. The software is dual licensed by the Oracle Corporation; it is distributed under the GNU General Public License, but can also be licensed to parties wishing to combine InnoDB in proprietary software.

Forks

MariaDB has a storage engine called Aria, which is described as a "crash-safe alternative to MyISAM". MariaDB and Percona Server use a fork of InnoDB called XtraDB by default. XtraDB is maintained by Percona. Oracle InnoDB's changes are regularly imported into XtraDB, and some bug fixes and extra features are added.