MySQL JOIN two tables and get latest result

Question

I want to JOIN two tables and get the latest result from each one of those two in a single table. I'm kind of concerned about speed too since tables are growing kinda fast. Close to 60-70k records a day. Later on i will go into partitioning but that is another issue. Now i have a main table with the devices info.

+--------+-----------+---------+
|     id |    Name   | type    |
+--------+-----------+---------+
|      1 | Oh        | A       |
|      2 | This      | A       |
|      3 | Is        | B       |
|      4 | Hard      | A       |
+--------+-----------+---------+

According to the type they have some data in different tables Type A is

+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+
|     id | device_id |   stats_time     | status  |  noise  |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+
|      1 | 1         | 2012-10-23 07:50 | foo     |   10    |
|      2 | 1         | 2012-10-23 16:59 | bar     |   12    |
|      3 | 2         | 2012-10-23 15:11 | bar     |   0     |
|      4 | 4         | 2012-10-23 23:23 | foo     |   25    |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+

Type B is

+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+
|     id | device_id |   stats_time     | status  |  signal |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+
|      1 | 3         | 2012-10-23 04:50 | foo     |  1000   |
|      2 | 3         | 2012-10-23 05:59 | bar     |  450    |
|      3 | 3         | 2012-10-23 09:11 | bar     |  980    |
|      4 | 3         | 2012-10-23 10:23 | foo     |   0     |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+

I've been busting my head for a query to end up with something like this

+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+---------+
|     id | device_id |   stats_time     | status  |  signal |   noise |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+---------+
|      1 | 1         | 2012-10-23 16:59 | bar     |  12     |         |
|      2 | 2         | 2012-10-23 15:11 | bar     |  0      |         |
|      3 | 3         | 2012-10-23 10:23 | foo     |         |    0    |
|      4 | 4         | 2012-10-23 23:23 | foo     |  25     |         |
+--------+-----------+------------------+---------+---------+---------+

Using the below query is not good since i get two columns of stats_time

SELECT devices.id AS id, A.stats_time , B.stats_time
FROM devices 
LEFT JOIN A ON devices.id = A.device_id 
LEFT JOIN B ON devices.id = B.device_id 
GROUP BY devices.id

Before i ended up using different tables for the device types i used to get the results with the following but ended up going real slow

SELECT *
FROM (
    SELECT *
    FROM A
    ORDER BY stats_time DESC, id ASC
) AS d
RIGHT JOIN devices ON A.device_id = devices.id
GROUP BY devices.id

Answer 1

I see it as 2 steps:

1. Build tables with just the latest signal (or noise) for each device
2. JOIN or UNION the two tables.

Step 1 is a variant of groupwise max:

SELECT  device_id, stats_time, status, noise -- The desired columns
    FROM  ( SELECT  @prev := '' ) init
    JOIN  ( SELECT
                device_id != @prev AS first, -- `device_id` is the 'GROUP BY'
                @prev := device_id,          -- the 'GROUP BY'
                device_id, stats_time, status, noise -- Also the desired columns
            FROM  TableA -- The table
            ORDER BY  device_id  DESC, -- The 'GROUP BY'
                      stats_time DESC  -- to get latest
      ) x
    WHERE  first; 

This may be beneficial to performance:

INDEX(device_id, stats_time)

Ditto for TableB and signal. Manually run them to see if I got them right.

Your example does not show a case where both signal and noise exist for the same device_id. I will assume that is really the case, hence UNION:

Step 2:

SELECT device_id, stats_time, status, signal, noise
    FROM
    ( SELECT device_id, stats_time, status, signal, '' AS noise
        ... (the rest of the signal query)
    )
    UNION ALL
    ( SELECT device_id, stats_time, status, '' AS signal, noise
        ... (the rest of the noise query)
    );

Answer 2

I stated in the above comments that this seems to be a case of a supertype-subtype relationship but, since changing your database structure may be a decision that lies outside of the scope of this question, I am going to focus on offering a solution for your current situation.

Then, after a couple of edits, I decided to include some DDL statements and a brief description of my assumptions about your database structure, hoping that in this way my answer and its involved queries will be more easily comprehended.

Understanding of the situation and hypothetical DDL

As I percive the scenario, type_a and type_b may be two different kinds of reading or measurement that you are collecting for each device.

This way, although I am not completely sure of the meaning of the type_a.type_a_id and type_b.type_b_id columns, I assume that they are some sort of sequential_number or row_number or record_identifier in each respective table. Likewise, the columns type_a.stats_time and type_b.stats_time are the exact points in time when a device posts some sort of reading.

I have also assumed that type_a.device_id and type_b.device_id are FOREIGN KEYS that make reference to the device table that, in turn, has the column device.device_id being used as some kind of sequential_number or row_number or record_identifier that you have defined as PRIMARY KEY.

Having described my understanding of the state of affairs, please note that I am not suggesting that this is the optimal structure (since, naturally, I am not familiar with the real scenario, it may lack normalization, integrity, etc.), I am just making some assumptions based on the data samples and queries that you have presented, in order to deliver a possible solution for your specific situation. So, here is the speculative DDL:

CREATE TABLE device
(
    device_id INT      NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name      CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
    type      CHAR(1)  NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (device_id),
    UNIQUE INDEX uix_name (name) 
);

CREATE TABLE type_a
(
    type_a_id  INT      NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    device_id  INT      NOT NULL ,
    stats_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    `status`   CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
    noise      INT      NOT NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (type_a_id),
   CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY fk_type_a_device (device_id) 
   REFERENCES device(device_id),
   UNIQUE INDEX `uix_device_id_and_stats_time` (device_id, stats_time)
);

CREATE TABLE type_b
(
    type_b_id  INT      NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    device_id  INT      NOT NULL,
    stats_time DATETIME NOT NULL,
    `status`   CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
    `signal`   INT      NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (type_b_id),
    CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY fk_type_b_device (device_id) 
    REFERENCES device(device_id),
    UNIQUE INDEX `uix_device_id_and_stats_time` (device_id, stats_time)
);

-- Some ‘device’ INSERTS...

INSERT INTO device (name, type) VALUES ('First device', 'A');
INSERT INTO device (name, type) VALUES ('Second device', 'A');

-- ... And then, some ‘type_a’ and ‘type_b’ INSERTS 
-- in order to have some sample data for retrieving.

INSERT INTO type_a (device_id, stats_time, `status`, noise) 
VALUES (1, STR_TO_DATE('06/01/2015 08:10:01 AM', '%c/%e/%Y %r'), 'Foo', 123);

INSERT INTO type_a (device_id, stats_time, `status`, noise) 
VALUES (1, STR_TO_DATE('04/04/2015 03:07:34 PM', '%c/%e/%Y %r'), 'Bar', 456);

INSERT INTO type_b (device_id, stats_time, `status`, `signal`) 
VALUES (2, STR_TO_DATE('03/04/2015 02:08:15 PM', '%c/%e/%Y %r'), 'Boo', 789);

INSERT INTO type_b (device_id, stats_time, `status`, `signal`) 
VALUES (2, STR_TO_DATE('05/07/2015 04:03:12 PM', '%c/%e/%Y %r'), 'Far', 852); 

Initial proposal

And then, here is my first submited query which, while keeping the original idea, has been reformatted and adapted to the DDL structure that was added later:

SELECT DE.device_id,
       COALESCE(TA.type_a_id, TB.type_b_id)   AS type_id,
       DE.name,
       DE.type,    
       COALESCE(TA.stats_time, TB.stats_time) AS stats_time,
       COALESCE(TA.status, TB.status)         AS `status`,
       COALESCE(TA.noise, 0)                  AS noise,
       COALESCE(TB.signal, 0)                 AS `signal`
  FROM device            DE
  LEFT OUTER JOIN type_a TA
    ON TA.device_id    = DE.device_id
  LEFT OUTER JOIN type_b TB
    ON TB.device_id    = DE.device_id
ORDER BY stats_time DESC;

As you can see, I am using the COALESCE() function that only if the column type_a.stats_time contains a NULL value, then ‘prints’ the value of the column type_b.stats_time, and works in a similar way for the type_a.status and type_b.status columns.

Subsequent proposal

First method

Now, having reread your question and after some comment interactions, I understand that what you actually want is to obtain a single result set containing only two rows —one row including columns corresponding to the latest type_a.stats_time value and one row holding columns related to the latest type_b.stats_time value—. Therefore I suggest you the following query that also retrieves data from the DDL proposed above:

(SELECT DE.device_id,
        TA.type_a_id  AS type_id,
        DE.name,
        DE.type,      
        TA.stats_time AS stats_time,
        TA.status,
        TA.noise,
        NULL          AS `signal`
   FROM device DE
   JOIN type_a TA
     ON TA.device_id  = DE.device_id
  WHERE TA.stats_time = (SELECT MAX(stats_time) 
                           FROM type_a))

UNION

(SELECT DE.device_id,
        TB.type_b_id  AS type_id,
        DE.name,
        DE.type,      
        TB.stats_time AS stats_time,
        TB.status,
        NULL          AS noise,
        TB.signal
   FROM device DE
   JOIN type_b TB
     ON TB.device_id  = DE.device_id
  WHERE TB.stats_time = (SELECT MAX(stats_time) 
                           FROM type_b))

ORDER BY stats_time DESC;

Note the use of the UNION operator, which in serves the purpose of combining in one single result set the latest row of type_a (based on the newest stats_time column value, obtained via the MAX() function within a subquery in the WHERE clause) with the latest row in type_b (likewise, based on the newest stats_time column value, also obtained through the MAX() function within a subquery in the WHERE clause).

Second method

You can also try with this alternate query, which sorts each one of the combined result sets based on the stats_time column in each respective SELECT statement using the ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses.

(SELECT DE.device_id,
        TA.type_a_id  AS type_id,
        DE.name,
        DE.type,      
        TA.stats_time AS stats_time,
        TA.status,
        TA.noise,
        NULL          AS `signal`
   FROM device DE
   JOIN type_a TA
     ON TA.device_id = DE.device_id
  ORDER BY TA.stats_time DESC LIMIT 1)

UNION

(SELECT DE.device_id,
        TB.type_b_id  AS type_id,
        DE.name,
        DE.type,      
        TB.stats_time AS stats_time,
        TB.status,
        NULL          AS noise,
        TB.signal
   FROM device DE
   JOIN type_b TB
     ON TB.device_id = DE.device_id
  ORDER BY TB.stats_time DESC LIMIT 1)

ORDER BY stats_time DESC;

Once you compare the performance of all the suggested methods, it will be easy to define which one is the best for your needs. Also, if one of them solves your problem, then you can set it up as a VIEW, this way future data retrieval will be easier to obtain.

About the speed performance aspect of your queries, you may start refining such matters by paying special attention to the indexes definition in the apropiate columns, e.g. type_a.stats_time and type_b.stats_time.