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You can generate a BACPAC using SqlPackage.exe or the Export Data-Tier Application wizard in SSMS. There are some limitations on what objects can be exported, however, in general, you will be able to export most of the objects in your database.
This is similar to MattyZDBA's answer except in a BACPAC the schema and data are wrapped in a single file and you ...
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BCP by itself may not be sufficient as it won't address non-table objects like stored procedures. To migrate the schema, one option would be to use a Visual Studio database project importing it from the 2016 instance and deploying it to your 2012 instance. Afterwards, two options to import your data rows are BCP and the Import/Export wizard in SSMS.
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The information seems to be inaccurate.
Oracle has only three numeric data types:
NUMBER: binary coded decimals. Slow, but exact.
BINARY_FLOAT: IEEE single precision floating point number. Fast and quite imprecise.
BINARY_DOUBLE: IEEE double precision floating point number. Fast and less imprecise.
You can use INTEGER, DOUBLE PRECISION, REAL and FLOAT in ...
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This is now possible with tools like Ghostferry: https://github.com/Shopify/ghostferry
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