I seriously doubt the real world utility of the specified validation rules but a reasonably concise way of validating them is below.
SELECT PhoneNumber,
Valid = CASE
WHEN PhoneNumber LIKE CONCAT('[23456789]', REPLICATE('[0123456789]', 9))
AND PhoneNumber LIKE CONCAT('%[^', LEFT(PhoneNumber, 1), ']%')
THEN 'valid'
ELSE 'invalid'
END
FROM (VALUES ('0123456789'),
('1144684679'),
('5555555555'),
('5555555554'),
('9876543210'),
('9876')) PhoneNumbers(PhoneNumber)
+-------------+---------+
| PhoneNumber | Valid |
+-------------+---------+
| 0123456789 | invalid |
| 1144684679 | invalid |
| 5555555555 | invalid |
| 5555555554 | valid |
| 9876543210 | valid |
| 9876 | invalid |
+-------------+---------+